Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) essentially refers to materials such as rocks and soil that inherently contain radionuclides. This term encompasses a variety of natural substances that possess varying levels of radioactivity due to the presence of these radionuclides. 

In addition to naturally occurring materials, the term also includes by-products that unintentionally accumulate as a result of certain industrial processes, where naturally occurring radionuclides become more concentrated. This phenomenon is sometimes described as Technically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (TE-NORM).

If NORM is released into the biosphere, the contained radionuclides, such as Uranium and Thorium, along with their decay products like Radium and Radon, can spread into the environment, leading to potential exposure or absorption by living organisms. While the radioactivity levels associated with NORM are generally lower than those of many artificial radionuclides, their long-lived nature poses potential risks, making them a concern for environmental and public health. The resulting regulations governing the management of NORM vary by country, influencing aspects such as permissible activity levels and disposal requirements:

- Radiological safety of staff and the public

- Prevention of site/facility contamination

- Prevention of liability risks, etc.

A notable source of NORM is mining for Rare Earths (REE), as certain minerals, such as Monazite, can contain radionuclides like Thorium. During the processing of these minerals, NORM residues are likely to accumulate. Other mining for commodities such as tantalum and phosphates etc. can also lead to NORM-related challenges if the ores contain radioactive accessory minerals.

Furthermore, various sectors of industry, including oil and gas production, can encounter NORM issues, especially due to the potential formation of radioactive scales during production. Understanding the types and characteristics of NORM and developing appropriate management strategies is essential for ensuring safety and compliance across different industries and regions.

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